CSL: Linux/Unix FAQ

The CS department has now transitioned from Solaris/SPARC desktops to Intel-based PCs running Linux as the trusted operating environment. This document describes some of the issues that may be encountered as users transition from Solaris to Linux on the desktop.
Trusted Linux

Based on preferences expressed by the C.S. user community, the department has gradually transitioned to workstations running Linux for desktop use. (For the foreseeable future, servers will still primarily run Solaris.) These workstations are Intel (x86) PCs, and can run any of various operating systems, including those supported by the Lab Staff and connected to the trusted network, and those installed and supported by the user and connected to the untrusted network; a large number of these were put in place during July 2004. This document will only discuss the trusted Linux distribution which is installed and maintained by the Lab staff and connected to the trusted network.

As of June 2009, we are switching the Linux distribution which is being supported as a trusted computing environment. We are switching from CentOS to the Ubuntu distribution, to take advantage of its faster release schedule and broader application support. For more information, please see:

Window managers

A window manager is a complex set of programs that organize, manage, and decorate the various programs and windows associated with the display on your workstation. You can only run one window manager at a time, and configuration changes you make will only effect that window manager.

On Linux, Gnome and KDE are the primary window managers. Both work well, with some differences in style, appearance, and utilities. Deciding which to use is mostly a matter of personal preference.

Before logging into the desktop, you can click the Session tab at the bottom of the screen to select which window manager to use.

CD Audio
While the audio does work on the Linux machines, you need to make sure that the the audio is not muted (using the Volume control to unmute the PCM sound control, and to raise the volume). On the Linux machines, there is no cable that goes between the CD player, and the motherboard (apparently this is a common manufacturing technique). This means that the audio application has to decode the information on the CD using the CPU on the machine. This can't be done using the standard players, but we have installed a program called alsaplayer that will work. In order to access the CD: 
	Open alsaplayer
	Click on the icon that looks like a page of written text
	Select CDDA
That should work.
Account configuration files (aka, dot files)

A user's account contains configuration data usually referred to as dot files, since the name of each file typically starts with a period. Many accounts have dot files that were originally designed for Solaris (and prior OSs), and which don't always work well with Linux. Please see the Linux/Unix Account Configuration FAQ for information on configuring these.

Software availability

Over many years, many programs and software packages have been added to our Solaris computing environment. These include:

Many of these are not currently available natively on the new Linux desktops. Some will be gradually ported and/or installed. Some will not, due to issues such as availability or licensing. For example, the dtcm calendar program which some people use on Solaris is not available for Linux.

If you are running a trusted Linux desktop, and you need to use a program that is not available, please consider some combination of these options:

Process scheduling with cron

cron is background system process that will run scheduled commands without user intervention. Virtually any program or script which can be run manually can be run as a "cron" job. For more information, please see the CS Crontabs FAQ page.

Backups

Nothing on the Linux desktops is backed up at this time. If you have important data that is stored locally on the system (eg, in /var/tmp/), please be sure to maintain a copy elsewhere. If you use programs such as crontab which store data locally, please make sure to copy anything that you would not want to lose. For more information about backups, please see the various CSL Backup FAQ pages.

Automounter

The Solaris automounter supports a browsability feature. This allows all of the potential filesystem mount points to be visible, whether or not they are mounted. This feature currently is not included in the Linux implementation of automount. The result is that on Linux, you will not see the directories associated with mount points of imported filesystems while the filesystem is not mounted (ie, the mount is not in use and has timed-out).

So, on Linux, you might see: 

% ls /usr/project
ai  courses  cwd  httpd  packages  support  xtmp

Whereas, on Solaris, you might see: 

% ls /usr/project
ai              csed            dna             misc2           tune2
ari1            csed2           dnanano         msdnaa          vision
ari_scratch1    csed3           edels           news            visiontemp
ari_scratch2    csed4           frontiers       packages        voice
ari_scratch3    csed5           ft              parr            web-docs
atmp            csed6           ftp             projects        xiaobai
biogeo0         csedtmp         geodata         robocup         xlang5
cgc             csem            httpd           services        xtmp
cgc1            cvpr2005        jsv             spider1
cgi             cwd             kamesh          support
coursearchive   cyberchair      kedem           sysarch_papers
courses         datacomp        misc            tocs

Thus, TAB-key autocompletion and wildcard matches won't work for these directory names on Linux until the mount is induced; you will have to type out the entire directory name, possibly followed by a slash (/), depending on the circumstance. This is similar to the behavior of the .snapshot feature available on filesystems residing on a Network Appliance Filer.

Mounting USB devices

You should be able to mount a USB device using the following command on the linux machines:

mount /mnt/usbkey

The files should then appear under the /mnt/usbkey directory. Please remember to unmount the file system using the command:

umount /mnt/usbkey

If you have any questions, please contact the Lab staff.