CPS 1 - Spring, 1997 - Ramm 3/31/97 #28
- Announce
- Quiz Wednesday
- Reading: Notes on Communications on WWW
Chapter 7. Transistors
Chapter 8. Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits
- Technology Summary
- Measure of Computer Technology
| measure | speed | power/heat | weight | reliability MTF
|
|---|
| technology | (ops/s) | (mW/bit) | (kg/cpu) | (hours)
|
|---|
| relay | 100 | 10,000
| 100,000 | 1
|
|---|
| vacuum tube | 100,000 | 10,000
| 10,000 | 10
|
|---|
| transistor | 1,000,000 | 10
| 2,000 | 1,000
|
|---|
| early IC | 10,000,000 | 1
| 10 | 10,000
|
|---|
| current IC | 100,000,000 | 0.001
| 1 | 100,000
|
|---|
- Note: Assume computer equivalent to low cost PC in power
Computer Communications
- Computer Communications is one of the Great Ideas
- Modes of Communications
- Computer and humans communicate
- Computers talk to each other
- Now Humans use computers to talk to each other
- Email, Chat, etc.
- News; started at Duke CS
- IRC: 6000 people, 1000 channels
- Voice
- Video
- Internet Still "Free"
- Institutions do Pay (e.g. DU)
- Not on usage basis
- Not likely to stay this way long
- Like Most of Computing: Layers upon Layers
- Basic Communications
- In binary
- Represented by something over some medium by something
- started with terminals connected to computers
- Communicated by voltages on wires
- Then modems allowed communication over phone lines
- Turn binary representing voltages into audio tones
- Dial up computer communications
- Time sharing systems
- Bulletin boards
- USENET (started at Duke, UNC, Bell Labs)
- Configuration/Methodology -- Different Views -- Basic Vocabulary
- Basic Communications
- Fixed/Dial Up
- Topography
- Star
- Point to Point
- Ring
- Bus
- Network
- Connection Mode
- Circuit Switched
- connection made
- e.g. Telephone System
- exclusive use of part of medium
- interactive use possible
- Message Switched
- store and forward
- batch
- shared facilities
- Packet Switched
- shared medium
- interactive use possible
TCP/IP
- Ethernet (Bus Example)
- Also called LAN
- Many nodes (hosts, stations, ...) on same bus
- Each has address (unique!)
- All messages "broadcast" with dest and src address
- Everyone listens for their address
- Potential security problem
- Collisions possible
- ethernet.gif,
ethernet.ps
- Internet -- a network of LANs that are interconnected
- Packets -- the currency of the Internet
- Addressing (Layers Again!)
- Hardware Address (Ethernet Address)
- unique 6 octet (8 bit -- byte) number
- usually 6 groups of two hex digits: h3 fe 13 21 a5 41
- centrally administered
- IP Address
- 4 octet number: e.g. 128.109.40.1
- usually 4 decimal number sep by periods
- network part ;host part
- Centrally Administered
- Berkeley Internet Name Domain
- hierarchical system
- root: edu, com, mil, net, country
- hostname; suborg; organization
- e.g. oberon.cs.duke.edu
- person on host is e.g. ramm@oberon.cs.duke.edu
- Applications
- email
- news
- talk
- ftp
- anonymous
- archives
- free software
- weather servers
- forecasts
- weather maps
- finger
- telephone
- telnet
- rlogin
- irc
- information services
